Financial Math Formulas and Financial Equations

Financial math has as its foundation many basic finance formulas related to the time value of money. In addition, particulars related to certain financial instruments (bonds for example) are calculated using derivatives of these basic formulas. Other formulas used in financial math are related to probability, randomness and statistical analysis.

The financial equations below are helpful as they are. However, using the financial formulas provided here, one may also generalize and calculate answers for even more complex financial problems.

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Symbols and Variables in Financial Formulas

One important key to understanding formulas for financial math is knowledge of what financial symbols and variables represent.

The chart of symbols (located at the right) offers an explanation of the financial variables used in the formulas provided below.

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variables and symbols used in financial formulas

Calculate the Number of Payments:

Convert Interest Rate Compounding Bases:

Calculate interest rates with different compounding frequency

Calculate Effective Interest Rate:

Calculate effective interest rate from

Future Value Formulas

The future value of an single sum of money, a series of cash flows or of an annuity is the amount of value the invested money will have at a point in the future. The different equations below are used to calculate the future value of different types of monies and investments.

Calculate the Future Value of a Single Sum:

Calculate the Future Value with Compounding

Calculate the Future Value of a Cash Flow Series

Calculate the future value of a cash flow series

Calculate the Future Value of an Annuity

Calculate the Future Value of an Annuity Due

Calculate the Future Value of an Annuity with Compounding

Payment Calculations

The most commonly sought payment calculation is the one for monthly payments. Of course, there are other ways payments are calculated as you can see below.

Calculate Monthly Payment

Calculate Sinking Fund:

Calculate the sinking fund factor

Present Value Formulas

Present value calculations are performed to determine the value of an investment made in the future. The future investment may be of a single sum or a series of cash flows.